Gastric Sleeve Surgery: What to Know About Procedure and Outcomes

What is a gastric sleeve and how does it affect the stomach?

A gastric sleeve removes most of the stomach, leaving a narrow, banana-shaped “sleeve.” This reduces the stomach’s capacity, limiting how much food can be eaten at one time. The operation also typically lowers levels of ghrelin, a hormone involved in appetite, which can reduce hunger. Unlike gastric banding, the sleeve is permanent; part of the stomach is removed rather than adjusted or implanted.

How does the surgery work and what does it involve?

Most gastric sleeve surgeries are performed laparoscopically through several small abdominal incisions. The surgeon removes the greater curvature of the stomach and staples the remaining portion to form the sleeve. The procedure usually takes one to three hours depending on complexity. Postoperative care includes pain management, gradually advancing from liquids to solids, and focused follow-up to monitor healing and dietary adaptation.

Who is eligible for gastric sleeve surgery for obesity?

Eligibility guidelines vary by country and clinic, but many centers consider gastric sleeve for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35–39.9 with serious obesity-related health issues (diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea). Individual evaluation also includes assessment of previous weight-loss efforts, mental health, and readiness to commit to lifelong behavioral changes. Discuss options with a qualified bariatric team and explore local services to find appropriate preoperative evaluation.

What weight loss and health improvements can be expected?

Many patients experience substantial weight loss after gastric sleeve, often within the first 12–24 months. Beyond weight reduction, improvements in type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and mobility are commonly reported. Outcomes vary by individual and depend on adherence to dietary guidance, exercise, and follow-up care. Long-term success is tied closely to lifestyle changes and regular medical monitoring.

What are the risks, recovery process, and stomach changes to consider?

As with any surgery, risks include bleeding, infection, and complications such as staple-line leaks. Some people develop or experience worsening acid reflux after the procedure. Recovery commonly involves a short hospital stay and a staged diet plan over weeks; returning to full activity can take several weeks and varies by person. Because a portion of the stomach is removed, the change is permanent and may lead to nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, vitamin D) that require lifelong supplementation and blood testing.

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

Gastric sleeve success depends heavily on preoperative education, postoperative follow-up, and access to multidisciplinary support (dietitians, psychologists, exercise specialists). When researching options, ask potential providers about their surgical volume, complication rates, and long-term support programs. Use local services and accredited bariatric centers to ensure standardized care and evidence-based follow-up.

In summary, gastric sleeve surgery is a durable surgical option for people with significant obesity who have not achieved desired results with non-surgical methods. It reduces stomach size and alters appetite hormones, offering substantial weight loss and health benefits for many patients, but it also carries surgical risks and requires lifelong commitment to nutrition and lifestyle changes. Careful evaluation by a multidisciplinary team helps determine whether it is an appropriate choice in each individual case.