Understanding Skin Cancer and Melanoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Care

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

What is skin cancer?

Skin cancer includes several types of malignant growths in the skin, the most common being basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal and squamous cell cancers generally grow slowly and are often linked to cumulative sun exposure, while melanoma arises from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes and is more likely to spread if not detected early. Risk factors include fair skin, a history of sunburns, excessive UV exposure, family history, and weakened immune function. Understanding the type influences follow-up, treatment options, and prognosis.

How are moles evaluated?

Moles are common skin growths, usually benign, but changes in size, color, shape, or texture can signal concern. Clinicians use the ABCDE rule to evaluate moles: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6 mm, and Evolving appearance. A dermatology exam may include dermoscopy (magnified skin inspection) and photography to track changes. When a mole is suspicious, a biopsy—removal of part or all of the lesion for laboratory analysis—provides a definitive diagnosis. Regular self-checks and annual skin exams can help identify concerning moles earlier.

How does sunburn increase risk?

Sunburns are an acute sign of skin damage from UV radiation and are linked to higher lifetime risk of skin cancer. Repeated sunburns, especially during childhood and adolescence, increase the risk of both non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. UV exposure damages DNA in skin cells and can trigger mutations that lead to uncontrolled growth. Protective measures include using broad-spectrum sunscreen with adequate SPF, wearing protective clothing and hats, seeking shade during peak sun hours, and avoiding indoor tanning. Even on cloudy days, UV rays can penetrate and cause damage.

When to consult dermatology or local services?

See a dermatologist or local services if you notice a new growth, a changing mole, persistent non-healing sores, or recurring bleeding from the skin. Dermatology specialists can perform full-body skin exams, dermoscopic assessment, biopsies, and manage treatment plans ranging from excision to topical or surgical therapies. If you have many moles, a personal or family history of skin cancer, or immunosuppression, dermatology follow-up may be recommended more frequently. Many clinics and community health centers provide skin checks; inquire about local services and whether teledermatology options exist for remote assessment.

What are melanoma signs and treatment basics?

Melanoma often presents as a new dark spot or a mole that changes in color, size, or symmetry. It can be brown, black, or multi-colored and may itch or bleed. Because melanoma can spread beyond the skin, early removal is critical. Staging involves assessing depth of invasion and whether nearby lymph nodes or distant organs are affected. Treatment commonly starts with surgical excision with clear margins. Advanced cases may require lymph node assessment, immunotherapy, targeted medications, or radiation. Follow-up care includes periodic skin exams and education on sun protection and self-monitoring.

Conclusion

Skin cancer and melanoma are common and largely preventable or treatable when detected early. Regular self-examination of moles and any skin changes, minimizing sunburn risk, and seeking professional dermatology evaluation for suspicious lesions form the cornerstone of prevention and early detection. Awareness of the signs described here can guide timely consultation with local services and clinicians. For personalized diagnosis and treatment options, consult a qualified healthcare professional.