This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

What is influenza?

Influenza (commonly called the flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and sometimes lungs caused by influenza A or B viruses. The virus typically produces a sudden onset of fever, cough, body aches, and fatigue. Each year, seasonal influenza strains circulate and can vary in severity. While many people recover within a week or two, certain groups—older adults, young children, pregnant people, and people with chronic conditions—are at higher risk for complications such as pneumonia, worsening of chronic illnesses, or hospitalization.

How does the flu virus spread?

The influenza virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Transmission can also occur by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face. Because the flu virus can spread before symptoms appear and for several days after, preventing transmission requires attention to hygiene, isolation when sick, and vaccination. Seasonal patterns and community spread influence local transmission levels, so awareness of local services and public health guidance can help reduce outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations.

Symptoms of influenza illness

Common flu symptoms include sudden fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue. Some people may experience vomiting and diarrhea, more often in children. Symptoms usually begin abruptly and are more intense than a typical cold. While most cases resolve without special interventions, persistent high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, confusion, or signs of dehydration warrant prompt medical evaluation. Recognizing early warning signs helps determine if antiviral treatment or emergency care is necessary.

Medical treatments for influenza

Antiviral medications, such as neuraminidase inhibitors and newer agents authorized for use against influenza, may shorten symptom duration and reduce complications if started within 48 hours of symptom onset; clinicians sometimes prescribe them later for high-risk patients. Antivirals are prescription drugs and require evaluation by a healthcare provider. In addition to antivirals, clinicians may recommend supportive therapies: adequate fluids, fever reducers (for example, acetaminophen or ibuprofen for adults when appropriate), and monitoring for secondary infections. Antibiotics are ineffective against the virus unless a bacterial complication is diagnosed.

Home care and prevention

Most people with uncomplicated flu recover with rest, hydration, and symptomatic self-care. Stay home to avoid spreading the virus, use tissues or your elbow when coughing, and wash hands frequently. Vaccination remains the primary prevention strategy—annual flu vaccines are updated to match circulating strains and are recommended for most people. Other preventive measures include avoiding close contact with sick individuals, improving indoor ventilation, and using masks in high-risk settings if recommended by local health authorities. Early recognition and supportive care help reduce the impact of the illness.

Conclusion

Treatment for influenza involves a combination of timely medical evaluation, potential antiviral therapy for eligible patients, and supportive home care to ease symptoms and prevent spread. Public health measures—most notably annual vaccination—remain central to reducing the burden of flu season. Individuals should monitor symptoms and seek clinical advice if they belong to higher-risk groups or experience severe or worsening signs. Understanding how the virus spreads, typical symptoms of the illness, and the role of antivirals versus supportive care can help people make informed choices about when to seek care and how to protect themselves and others.