This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

What causes influenza and how does the virus spread?

Influenza is caused by influenza A and B viruses that infect the respiratory tract. These viruses change over time, which is why seasonal outbreaks reoccur and why annual vaccines are updated. The virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face. Close contact in households, schools, and workplaces increases transmission. Recognizing common routes of spread helps with prevention and deciding when to seek treatment or testing.

How does the flu typically present as an illness?

Flu symptoms usually begin suddenly and can include fever, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, muscle aches, headache, and fatigue. Some people, particularly children, may also experience vomiting or diarrhea, although these are more common with other viruses. Symptoms can overlap with colds and other respiratory infections, so clinical evaluation or testing may be needed to confirm influenza in some cases. While many people recover in a week or two, severe illness and complications such as pneumonia can occur, especially among older adults, infants, pregnant people, and those with chronic medical conditions.

When is influenza treatment necessary and most effective?

Antiviral treatment is most effective when started early, ideally within 48 hours of symptom onset, because it can reduce duration and severity of illness. However, clinicians may recommend antivirals later for people with severe disease, those hospitalized, or people at high risk for complications. Testing (rapid antigen tests or PCR) can confirm a diagnosis but should not delay treatment when a patient is at high risk and clinical suspicion is strong. Deciding when to treat involves assessing symptom timing, risk factors, and local patterns of influenza activity.

What antiviral options are used to treat the virus?

Several antiviral medications are approved for influenza treatment and vary by formulation and patient suitability. Commonly used agents include oseltamivir (oral), zanamivir (inhaled), baloxavir marboxil (single-dose oral), and intravenous options for hospitalized patients. Choice of agent depends on patient age, ability to take oral or inhaled medications, pregnancy status, and clinical severity. Antivirals require a prescription, and clinicians consider potential benefits and side effects. Resistance patterns can influence selection; healthcare providers use current guidance to choose the most appropriate drug.

How to support recovery and prevent future flu illness?

Supportive care for flu illness includes rest, staying hydrated, and treating fever and discomfort with appropriate medications when needed. Isolating while infectious, typically during the acute febrile period and for a short time thereafter, reduces transmission. Hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and cleaning high-touch surfaces also lower spread. Annual influenza vaccination is the primary prevention strategy recommended for most people and is offered through local services such as clinics, pharmacies, and community health centers. Vaccination does not guarantee complete protection but reduces the likelihood of severe illness and complications.

Influenza treatment combines timely antiviral use for eligible patients with consistent supportive care and prevention measures to limit spread and complications. For individuals at higher risk or with worsening symptoms, seeking medical assessment early can help determine whether prescription antivirals or additional interventions are needed. Staying informed about local influenza activity and available services in your area supports better decision-making during flu season.