What is melanoma and how is it diagnosed?

Melanoma arises when melanocytes grow abnormally and can appear as a new mole or a change in an existing one. Diagnosis begins with a clinical skin exam and may include dermoscopy or photographic monitoring for suspicious lesions. If clinicians suspect melanoma, they perform a biopsy—usually an excisional or punch biopsy—to determine depth and subtype. Pathology reports describe tumor thickness (Breslow depth), ulceration, and mitotic rate, which guide staging and treatment planning. Imaging or sentinel lymph node biopsy may be used for higher-risk tumors to check for spread.

How is the skin treated surgically for melanoma?

Surgery is the primary treatment for most localized melanomas. The goal is complete removal with a margin of normal skin; recommended margin width depends on lesion thickness. For early-stage melanoma, a wide local excision often suffices. If the tumor is deeper or there is concern for nearby lymph node involvement, a sentinel lymph node biopsy can identify microscopic spread. More extensive lymph node removal is reserved for confirmed nodal disease. Surgical management also considers reconstruction options to preserve function and cosmetic appearance for skin on the face, hands, or other sensitive areas.

What systemic cancer treatments are available?

When melanoma has spread beyond the primary site or has high-risk features, systemic therapies are considered. Options include targeted therapies for tumors with specific mutations (such as BRAF V600 mutations) and immunotherapies that activate the immune system against cancer cells. These treatments have changed outcomes for many patients but can cause immune-related or other systemic side effects that require specialist management. In some cases radiation therapy is used for local control or palliation. Choice of systemic treatment depends on staging, molecular testing, overall health, and discussion between patients and oncology specialists.

How are moles and suspicious spots managed?

Not every mole is melanoma, but changes in size, color, shape, or symptoms like itching or bleeding warrant evaluation. The ABCDE rule (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6 mm, Evolving) helps identify concerning moles, though smaller or atypical lesions can also be malignant. Clinicians may monitor atypical moles with photography or remove them for biopsy if there is uncertainty. Removal of a benign mole is a minor surgical procedure; excision of malignant tissue follows melanoma surgery principles and may require wider margins and pathology review.

What role do sunburn and prevention play in follow-up care?

Sunburn history increases lifetime risk of melanoma, and prevention is a key part of care for anyone diagnosed or at higher risk. Preventive measures include regular use of sunscreen, protective clothing, avoiding peak sun hours, and education on safe tanning practices. After treatment, follow-up schedules often include regular skin checks, self-examination guidance, and education about signs of recurrence. Some patients may be referred to local services for genetic counseling if there is a strong family history, or to dermatology clinics for long-term surveillance and mole mapping.

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

Conclusion

Melanoma treatment is individualized based on tumor characteristics, staging, and patient factors. Early surgical removal remains the cornerstone for most cases, while sentinel node evaluation, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy extend options for higher-risk or advanced disease. Preventive measures and regular skin surveillance are integral to reducing risk and detecting recurrences. Discussing results and options with a multidisciplinary care team helps align treatment with clinical evidence and personal preferences.