This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.

How does pulmonary fibrosis affect the lungs?

Pulmonary fibrosis results from scar tissue replacing healthy lung parenchyma, particularly affecting the interstitium and alveoli. As fibrotic tissue accumulates, the lungs become stiffer and less able to expand during inhalation, causing reduced lung volumes and impaired gas exchange. Patients typically notice shortness of breath during activities that previously were tolerated, and oxygen levels may drop with exertion. Over time, low oxygen levels and increased work of breathing can affect daily function and lead to complications such as pulmonary hypertension. Monitoring lung function helps clinicians assess disease progression and tailor medical interventions.

What causes this lung disease?

Causes of pulmonary fibrosis are heterogeneous. In many cases, no single cause is found and the condition is termed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Known contributors include long-term exposure to environmental or occupational dusts (for example, silica or asbestos), certain medications and radiation therapy, and autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. Smoking and older age are associated with higher risk. Genetic predispositions have been identified in some families. Identifying potential causes or exposures is a medical priority because removing or reducing ongoing exposure can influence management and future lung health.

How is pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed medically?

Diagnosing pulmonary fibrosis requires a combination of clinical assessment, imaging, and functional testing. A detailed medical history and physical exam look for risk factors and signs such as “velcro” crackles on lung auscultation. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest is the key imaging modality to identify characteristic patterns of fibrosis. Pulmonary function tests measure lung volumes and diffusion capacity to quantify impairment. Blood tests may screen for autoimmune causes, and in select cases bronchoscopy or surgical lung biopsy provides tissue confirmation. Multidisciplinary case review—bringing together pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists—helps refine diagnosis and choose appropriate medical strategies.

Treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis and lung health

Treatment focuses on slowing disease progression, managing symptoms, and maintaining overall health. Antifibrotic medications such as nintedanib and pirfenidone have been shown to reduce the rate of lung function decline in certain forms of pulmonary fibrosis; selection and monitoring of these drugs are medical decisions based on diagnosis and tolerance. Supplemental oxygen is prescribed when oxygen levels are insufficient at rest or with exercise to support organ function and reduce breathlessness. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs combine supervised exercise, breathing techniques, and education to improve endurance and daily functioning. Vaccinations, smoking cessation, and management of comorbidities like heart disease or sleep apnea contribute to better lung health and outcomes.

Living with pulmonary fibrosis: support and local services

Living with a chronic lung disease requires both medical follow-up and practical support. Regular clinic visits monitor symptoms, imaging, and lung function to guide adjustments in care. Nutrition, energy-conserving strategies, and tailored physical activity help people maintain strength and independence. Psychological support and peer groups can address anxiety and social concerns that often accompany long-term illness. Local services in your area—such as pulmonary rehabilitation centers, respiratory therapists, home oxygen providers, and patient advocacy organizations—provide resources for equipment, education, and social support. Participation in clinical trials may be an option for some patients and should be discussed with treating physicians.

Conclusion

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive condition marked by scarring in the lungs that impairs breathing and oxygenation. Accurate diagnosis using HRCT and pulmonary function tests guides medical management, which may include antifibrotic therapy, oxygen support, and rehabilitation to preserve lung function and quality of life. Coordinated care with respiratory specialists, attention to comorbid conditions, and access to local services support long-term health and daily functioning for people living with this lung disease.