How to inspect wall damage in a house

Start with a careful visual inspection of interior and exterior surfaces. Look for cracks, bulges, damp patches, flaking paint or plaster, and signs of movement around windows and doors. In a house, minor hairline cracks often come from settling and are cosmetic; wider vertical or stair-step cracks can indicate foundation or structural movement. Note any patterns of damp or salt deposits, as these point to moisture issues that must be addressed before cosmetic repairs.

When to repair a cavity wall

Cavity walls—two layers of masonry separated by a gap—are common in many houses and buildings. Repairs are needed if you notice bridging between leaves, water penetration, or collapsed inner or outer skins. Typical fixes include repointing, replacing damaged bricks, or reinstating cavity ties. For moisture problems, ensure the cavity is clear and any insulation or blockages are removed. A proper assessment will determine whether targeted masonry work or partial rebuilding is required.

Addressing insulation issues during repair

Insulation affects both energy performance and moisture behavior of a wall. When you discover damaged or compressed insulation during repair, remove wet or deteriorated material and replace it with an appropriate product for the cavity or solid wall type. For older buildings, consider whether introducing cavity insulation will alter drying patterns; in some cases, improving external or internal thermal layers is preferable. Keep ventilation and damp-proofing in mind to avoid trapping moisture behind new insulation.

Structural concerns in a building wall

Walls in larger buildings may carry loads or act as fire separations; structural cracks, bulging, or leaning require prompt attention. Consult a qualified structural engineer when cracks exceed typical hairline widths, when there is measurable movement, or when lintels and supports show corrosion or failure. Temporary propping or shoring may be necessary before repairs. Structural solutions can range from underpinning foundations to installing helical bars or new lintels, depending on the cause and severity.

Choosing repair materials for a wall

Select materials that match the original construction and local conditions. For masonry, use compatible mortar mixes (avoiding overly hard cement on historic soft bricks), matching bricks or blocks, and appropriate damp-proof courses. For plaster repairs, choose breathable renders for older walls to allow moisture movement, and modern gypsum or cement-based plasters where moisture is controlled. When repainting, use breathable paints on porous masonry. Proper preparation—removing loose material, cleaning surfaces, and priming—improves longevity.

Walls often hide multiple interacting issues—moisture, thermal performance, and structural loading—so successful repair addresses root causes rather than only surface symptoms. Small cosmetic cracks can be repaired with filler and repainting once the underlying movement or damp is resolved. For cavity walls, clearing obstructions and replacing damaged ties or insulation helps prevent recurrence. When dealing with historic buildings, prioritize materials and methods that preserve breathability and character.

A clear record of the repair scope, materials used, and any professional assessments is useful for future maintenance and for owners or occupants. For complex or structural concerns, seek assessments from qualified professionals and consider local services that can inspect and provide written recommendations. Regular inspection—especially after severe weather—and timely small repairs reduce the likelihood of larger interventions later.