Skin Cancer and Melanoma: Causes, Signs, and Prevention
Skin cancer refers to abnormal growth of skin cells, most commonly caused by DNA damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Melanoma is a specific type of skin cancer that begins in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, and can be more likely to spread if not found early. Recognizing changes in moles, understanding how sunburn contributes to risk, and knowing when to consult dermatology services are central to early detection and better outcomes. This article explains common types, how to spot warning signs, prevention strategies, and typical approaches to diagnosis and treatment in accessible terms.
This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.
What is skin cancer and melanoma?
Skin cancer includes several types: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma arise from different layers of the skin and often grow slowly; melanoma develops from melanocytes and can progress more aggressively. Melanoma can occur on skin exposed to the sun and in less-exposed areas. Risk factors include cumulative UV exposure, a history of severe sunburns, fair skin, a family history of skin cancer, and immune suppression. Regular self-checks and clinical skin examinations help detect suspicious changes earlier, when treatment is most effective.
How do moles relate to skin cancer?
Moles (nevi) are common collections of pigment-producing cells and are usually benign. However, changes in size, shape, color, or elevation of a mole can suggest malignant transformation. The “ABCDE” rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter over about 6 mm, and Evolution (change over time)—is a practical mnemonic clinicians and patients use to assess moles. New moles in adulthood, a rapidly changing lesion, or any lesion that itches, bleeds, or oozes should prompt evaluation by a dermatologist.
Can sunburn increase skin cancer risk?
Sunburn is a sign of acute UV damage to skin cells, and repetitive sunburns—especially during childhood—are associated with increased risk of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. UV exposure causes DNA damage and immune changes in skin that can lead to mutations over time. Preventive measures include using broad-spectrum sunscreen, wearing protective clothing and hats, seeking shade during peak sun hours, and avoiding tanning beds. Reducing cumulative sun exposure lowers long-term risk even when past sunburns have occurred.
When should you see a dermatologist?
See a dermatologist for any changing, bleeding, or symptomatic mole; a new lesion that looks different from your other spots; or a persistent sore that doesn’t heal. People with many moles, atypical moles, a strong family history of melanoma, or a history of prior skin cancer may benefit from periodic professional skin checks. Dermatology providers offer full-body exams, photographic monitoring of lesions, and skin mapping for patients with higher risk. If local services are needed, clinics and dermatologists can advise on screening frequency based on individual risk factors.
How are melanoma and other skin cancers diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis usually begins with a clinical exam and dermoscopy; suspicious lesions are removed via biopsy and examined under a microscope. If melanoma is diagnosed, staging may involve measuring tumor depth (Breslow thickness) and assessing nearby lymph nodes or organs if indicated. Treatment options vary by type and stage: surgical removal is the primary treatment for most early skin cancers. Advanced melanoma treatments may include targeted therapies or immunotherapies guided by pathology and molecular testing. Non-melanoma skin cancers sometimes respond to topical therapies, cryotherapy, or radiation in select cases. Follow-up care commonly includes periodic skin exams and education on self-monitoring.
Conclusion
Early recognition of changes in moles or skin lesions and reducing UV exposure are foundational strategies for managing skin cancer risk. Dermatology evaluation plays a key role in diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. Understanding how sunburns, mole changes, and other risk factors interact with the biology of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers helps individuals and clinicians focus surveillance and prevention efforts to improve outcomes.
