Skin Cancer and Melanoma: Causes, Detection, and Care
Skin cancer is a group of conditions in which abnormal skin cells grow uncontrollably, with melanoma being the form most likely to spread. Understanding common risk factors, how to check your skin, and when to seek evaluation helps people make informed choices about prevention and treatment. This article explains key differences between types of skin cancer and practical steps for early detection and ongoing care.
This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.
What is skin cancer and how does it develop?
Skin cancer most often arises after DNA damage in skin cells, commonly from ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. The three main types are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (both more common and generally less likely to metastasize) and melanoma, which is less common but more aggressive. Risk factors include fair skin, a history of severe sunburns, excessive lifetime UV exposure, immunosuppression, and family history. Preventive measures — such as using broad-spectrum sunscreen and protective clothing — reduce but do not eliminate risk. Regular self-exams and follow-up with a clinician can catch many cancers early when treatment is more effective.
How to examine moles and recognize changes
Moles are common pigmented skin lesions; most are benign, but changes in a mole can indicate malignancy. Use the ABCDE guidance: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6 mm, and Evolving shape or size. Also note new growths, persistent itching, bleeding, or crusting. Photographing moles and comparing images over months helps track subtle change. If a mole shows concerning features, a clinician may perform a dermoscopic exam and, if needed, a skin biopsy to establish a diagnosis and rule out melanoma or other cancers.
How sunburn relates to skin cancer risk
Sunburn is an acute sign of excessive UV exposure and reflects DNA damage in skin cells. Repeated sunburns, especially blistering burns during childhood and adolescence, increase lifetime risk of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. UVB radiation primarily causes sunburn; UVA penetrates deeper and contributes to aging and some types of DNA damage. Protective habits include seeking shade during peak sun hours, wearing hats and UV-blocking clothing, and applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen of at least SPF 30 to exposed skin. Avoiding tanning beds is also important because artificial UV sources raise skin cancer risk.
When to consult dermatology for skin concerns
See a dermatologist if you notice suspicious moles, new or rapidly changing lesions, persistent sores that do not heal, or unexplained skin lumps. Dermatology clinics offer diagnostic tools such as dermoscopy, full-body skin exams, and biopsies to confirm diagnoses. For confirmed cancers, dermatologists or surgical specialists may discuss excision techniques, topical treatments, or referral to oncology for advanced disease. If you need specialized care, look for board-certified dermatologists or local services in your area that provide skin cancer screening and follow-up; availability varies by region.
Understanding melanoma: signs, diagnosis, and prognosis
Melanoma originates in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, and can spread to lymph nodes and other organs. Early-stage melanoma often appears as a new or changing pigmented lesion with irregular features. Diagnosis relies on histopathology after biopsy, and staging uses tumor thickness (Breslow depth), ulceration, and nodal involvement. Prognosis is strongly linked to stage at diagnosis: thin, localized melanomas have a much better outlook than thicker or metastatic tumors. Treatment options include surgical excision, sentinel lymph node assessment for certain stages, and targeted or immunotherapy for advanced disease. Surveillance after treatment typically includes regular skin checks and imaging only when indicated by clinical findings.
Conclusion
Recognizing the differences between mole changes, sunburn effects, and the signs of various skin cancers can support earlier detection and more effective management. Protective behaviors, regular self-exams, and timely consultation with dermatology professionals or local services in your area are central to prevention and care. Ongoing communication with qualified clinicians ensures individualized assessment and treatment planning tailored to each person’s risk and clinical findings.
