How laser skin procedures work

Laser skin procedures use concentrated light energy to create controlled injury to targeted layers of the skin. That controlled damage stimulates the body’s natural healing mechanisms, encouraging collagen production and accelerating cell turnover. Depending on the wavelength and delivery method, lasers can either remove superficial layers of skin, heat deeper tissues without removing the surface, or treat tiny microzones to combine both effects. The result is improved texture, tone, and firmness when performed by an experienced clinician.

Main laser categories and how they differ

• Ablative lasers: These devices vaporize the outermost layers of the skin to remove damaged tissue and encourage regrowth. Ablative lasers are effective for pronounced wrinkles, deeper acne scars, and significant sun damage, but they typically require longer healing times.

• Non-ablative lasers: Instead of removing skin, non-ablative lasers heat the dermis beneath the surface to boost collagen formation while preserving the epidermis. They are less invasive, have shorter downtime, and are often chosen for improving texture and mild discoloration.

• Fractional lasers: Fractional systems treat microscopic columns of skin while leaving intervening tissue intact. This approach speeds recovery and reduces risk because undamaged skin between treatment zones aids rapid healing. Fractional technology can be either ablative or non-ablative depending on the device.

Conditions commonly treated with laser therapy

Lasers are versatile and used to address many dermatologic concerns, including:

• Acne scars and other scar types
• Fine lines and deeper wrinkles
• Sun damage, age spots, and lentigines
• Uneven skin tone and rough texture
• Rosacea and persistent facial redness
• Unwanted hair removal
• Tattoo lightening or removal
• Enlarged pores
• Melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation
• Stretch marks

The most suitable laser depends on the specific condition, skin type, and treatment goals. A qualified dermatologist will match the device and settings to the individual patient to minimize risks and maximize benefit.

Benefits and potential risks

Advantages of laser treatments include:

• Precision targeting of problem areas while sparing surrounding tissue
• Often minimal to moderate downtime, depending on the technique
• Non-surgical approach with no incisions
• Durable improvements when combined with good skincare and sun protection
• Ability to address multiple concerns in one or a sequence of sessions

Potential complications to be aware of:

• Temporary redness, swelling, and sensitivity
• Changes in pigmentation, especially for darker skin tones
• Rare scarring if healing is compromised
• Secondary infection if aftercare is inadequate
• Burns or blistering from incorrect settings or inexperienced operators

A thorough consultation and following pre- and post-treatment instructions reduce these risks.

Preparing for a laser session

Proper preparation improves safety and results. Typical pre-treatment guidance includes:

• Avoiding sun exposure, tanning beds, and self-tanners for at least two weeks prior
• Stopping topical retinoids, exfoliating acids, or other irritating products as directed
• Informing your provider about all medications and supplements
• Cleaning the treatment area and arriving without makeup or lotions
• Letting your clinician know if you have a history of cold sores, as preventive antiviral medication may be recommended

Specific preparations vary by laser type and your skin profile, so follow the tailored instructions given by your provider.

What to expect during and after treatment

On the day of treatment the area will be cleansed, and a topical anesthetic may be applied for comfort. Protective eyewear is mandatory. During the procedure you may feel warmth, pinpricks, or brief stinging sensations as the laser is passed over the skin. Session length ranges from about 15 minutes for small zones to an hour or more for larger areas.

Immediately after, skin commonly appears red and may feel sunburned. Mild swelling and tenderness can last a few days. With ablative or deep fractional treatments, crusting or peeling can follow as the skin renews. Your clinician will provide an aftercare plan—this often includes gentle cleansing, barrier creams or ointments, sun avoidance, and sometimes topical or oral medications to prevent infection or inflammation.

Multiple sessions are often required for optimal outcomes. Non-ablative treatments typically need more repeat visits spaced weeks apart, while ablative procedures may achieve dramatic improvement in fewer sessions but require longer recovery.

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Treatment type	Typical sessions	Approximate cost (USD)
Non-ablative (e.g., IPL, Nd:YAG)	3–6	$200–$600 per session
Ablative (CO2, Er:YAG)	1–3	$1,000–$3,000 per session
Fractional resurfacing	2–4	$600–$2,000 per session
Laser hair removal	4–8	$150–$400 per session
Tattoo removal	Multiple	$50–$400 per session

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Prices vary by provider, location, and individual treatment needs; the table is for illustrative purposes only.

Choosing the right provider and follow-up care

Selecting a licensed dermatologist or board-certified physician experienced with laser devices is critical. Ask about their training, before-and-after photos on similar skin types, and the specific equipment they use. During your consultation, expect a review of medical history, skin assessment, and a discussion of realistic results and recovery expectations.

Aftercare and sun protection play a major role in preserving results. Use broad-spectrum sunscreen daily, avoid direct sun exposure while healing, and follow any maintenance plan your clinician recommends.

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance and treatment.