Solar panels: how they work and types

Solar panels contain photovoltaic (PV) cells that generate direct current (DC) electricity when exposed to sunlight. An inverter converts DC into alternating current (AC) used by household appliances. Common panel types include monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film; each differs in efficiency, appearance and space requirements. For many homes, panel choice balances roof area, desired output and aesthetic preferences. Panels also come with performance and durability ratings that affect long-term energy yield.

Solar systems can be paired with battery storage to retain energy for evening use or backup power. Batteries add complexity and cost but increase self-sufficiency. Consider system sizing and expected generation across seasons to match household consumption patterns.

House: assessing suitability and energy needs

Start by reviewing your house’s typical electricity use, recent bills, and any plans to change consumption (e.g., EV charging). Calculate the household’s average daily and annual energy demand to estimate required system size. A site assessment looks at roof orientation, shading from trees or neighbouring buildings, and structural capacity. Some houses have optimal south-facing roof space; others may need ground-mounted arrays or partial installations.

Energy efficiency improvements—LED lighting, efficient appliances, insulation—often reduce the necessary solar capacity and improve return on investment. Working with local services can help accurately model energy production for your specific house and location.

Roof: orientation, condition and installation factors

A roof’s orientation, pitch and material affect panel performance and mounting options. South-facing roofs typically produce the most on a UK site, but east- and west-facing roofs can also work, spreading generation across the day. Flat roofs usually require tilted mounts. Before installation, check roof age and condition: replacing or repairing tiles, flashing or insulation beforehand avoids needing to remove panels later.

Installation teams evaluate load-bearing capacity and will secure panels with appropriate fixings that preserve weatherproofing. Planning permission is rarely required for domestic rooftop panels in many areas, but local regulations and listed building rules can apply—consult local services or planning offices in your area for clarity.

Energy: production, storage and system sizing

Estimate annual energy production using panel wattage, roof area, tilt, orientation and local sunlight data. Production varies by season; UK households often see lower output in winter months. Sizing a system involves matching production to household electricity needs while considering export to the grid and expected future changes, such as switching to electric heating or adding EV chargers.

Storage options, primarily lithium-ion batteries, let you use generated energy when solar generation is low. Battery capacity is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh); sizing should align with evening consumption or backup requirements. Combining solar with smart metering and energy management can optimise when to consume, store or export electricity.

Electricity: connection, regulations and grid interaction

Connecting a solar system to the house electrical system and the public grid requires compliant wiring, a suitable inverter, and often notification to the network operator. Installers should follow national electrification standards and provide certificates for electrical safety and grid connection. Feed-in tariffs have changed in many regions; some homeowners benefit from exporting surplus electricity under local schemes or by using time-of-use tariffs.

If you plan to sell surplus electricity, check local network requirements and any export metering obligations. Engaging certified installers and using accredited products helps ensure installations meet safety and regulatory standards. Local services can advise on permits, required inspections and interaction with the distribution network operator.

Costs, financing and real-world considerations

Typical costs vary by system size, panel type, and whether battery storage is included. Financing options include upfront purchase, loans, leasing or community schemes. Consider lifecycle factors: expected panel performance degradation, inverter replacement cycles, maintenance (cleaning, inspections), and warranty terms. Also account for potential roof work before installation and any planning or connection fees.

When selecting an installer, review credentials, references, and sample project performance for similar houses and roofs. Local services often offer site surveys and written estimates that clarify expected energy output, payback timelines and any local incentives or regulations that affect value.

Conclusion

Solar systems and panels on a house roof can provide a reliable source of electricity and reduce dependence on grid power, but suitability depends on roof characteristics, household energy needs, and local regulations. Careful assessment, realistic production estimates and working with qualified local services will help determine the optimal system configuration and long-term expectations without overstating outcomes.